spoils in the Middle Ages
The historian Jacob Burckhardt, as if to historical and interested in cultural and historical topoi, 1855 made his famous guide published to enjoy the art of Italy ', the' Cicerone '. His detailed observations of Rome, as if representing and interpreting, not failed to notice that the architecture the city has a phenomenon which is called the spoils. This is the reuse of ancient, old architectural elements. Burckhardt's comment this procedure fails devastating: "The use of ancient building remains, to which one has become used, also saves the following builders own thoughts (...)." [1] However, the research in this sentence do not agree to its full extent. The simplification of the work is just one of many motives that may come in Spoliennutzung in question. Specifically, the simple, pragmatic use of architectural fragments is by definition not Spoliennutzung proper.
The term 'spoils'
Before the motives of the Spoliennahme in the Middle Ages the focus of consideration occurred, must be done in a first step, the operationalization of the term 'spoils'. The origin of this word is in Latin: "In classical Latin, spolium literally meant the skin or hidestripped off an animal. In plural spolia what used figuratively to designate the violent taking of something, as, typically, the spoils of war. "[2] gives the etymological root of the word already makes a significant reference to one of the motives of spolia. A first approximation to the term may spoils as "(...) each in a new context, re-used piece of building material, regardless of whether they reworked visible or hidden, or used in its original state, and regardless of whether for practical or for any substantive reasons used was called "[3]. This general definition needs to know, however, restrictions, since such a far-reaching extension of the term also used by ancient buildings from a purely pragmatic reasons do in fact the concept of spoils would be obsolete, because just nothing special or unique could be expressed with this word. The limited designation of "ostentatious spolia" [4] in this Zusammenhag a possible solution to the dilemma presented. The designation, part 'as a generic term proposed by Alfred Herbel in its approximation to a definition of "(...) it covers but in its meaning everything that could be used in a building of ancient objects back." [5] Arnold Ash offers the following definition: "Robberies, actually, robbery pieces' are in their original use removed pieces of history, the post-antique centuries have used again: whether in spirit (the capital as capital) or not (the capital than, say, holy water basin), but in any event re-used, because the lying about antique piece is still no spoils "[6. ] The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages noted that to distinguish, for Spoliennutzung "(...) is [] between a purely utilitarian re-use as construction material for which there is evidence at all times, and enhanced aesthetics. stamped, come in the shape and decoration of the primary spoils at the new Versatzort advantage. "[7] The approximation of the concept is hereby be completed. It became clear that it is spoils to ancient architectural elements that have been deliberately used in the Middle Ages. The motivation of the use was more than the pragmatic thinking, which wanted to achieve facilitation of the work: "In Robberies it's always a question that they be presented as an antique (or at least, beautiful ') pieces that they were not on the mere material value reduced. "[8]
spoils in Late Antiquity
Even if its primarily spoils in the Middle Ages is, a quick look at the late antiquity is essential, as the reuse of older chocks, not only as a simple building, but also as conscious use with mostly symbolic content was of course not only in the epoch of the Middle Ages custom: "The beginnings of Spoliennahme back to the rich Greek and Roman classical music in the republic. Not only the Athenian city wall has been enlarged several times with spoils and strengthened, and the Acropolis were familiar with such operations, but the column drums and re-used other pieces of the previous building in the Periclean Parthenon as components of the foundation and retaining walls. A similar process is Byzantine known. "[9] The time that we call the ancient world, also knew the robbery of spoils of war booty, as it incorporates the original meaning of the term spolium , this could surely not the winning party only to its own triumph to make it clear. In addition, with the theft of important enemy of art objects or components are illustrated symbolically in some cases, the claim to the realm of the losing party. This desire was also articulated by To illustrate the Spoliierung not only to its own victory, and thus the defeat of the enemy and his subjects, but also a continuum in terms of a continuation of power symbolically represent, so were that the new authorities on foreign territory immediately confronted as aggressors hostile mood. In some cases, gave "(...) the formula, ex aere capto ', ie, from captured ore' (...) many ancient work of art, such as the famous Colossus of Rhodes, a special additional meaning." It is interesting [10]
the question of how antiquity was perceived. Already in late antiquity there were in Rome, in response to the massive removal 'Older' buildings, the initial impetus of the Government in the form of decrees, which in the modern sense of the term, and heritage 'would run: "was the trigger for the corresponding decrees of the early and middle imperial period to protect the city image as the one of Alexander Severus expressed edict of Vespasian (Just Cod VIII, 10.2) clearly shows what is recorded that the demolition of entire buildings, the streets not being undermined. "[11] Other laws for the protection of ancient buildings (as the pagan cult buildings had to content ) followed. In addition to aesthetic reasons, however, a clear motive, which is also in the Middle Ages Use should be found and prosecuted by an authority is ". Preservation and maintenance of old buildings is therefore serve their own claim to power and its own legitimation" [12] Nevertheless, could the removal of old buildings to chocks and might win some spoils do not stop be. Even the attempted protection of the increasingly pagan and therefore anti-respected temple was not completely: "The hundred-year struggle of the public authority itself to protect the pagan monuments, temples, concludes with the legalization of Spoliennahme in 458 well-preserved buildings, Temples are also to protect further need of repair . Repaired to put to stop but dilapidated buildings "[13] had this pointed out an interesting difference between the Western Roman and Eastern Roman Empire," While we in the West 364 the temple on the land protected as a building, 399 east, just in the country, causing her to cancel without riots, without attracting attention, is recommended. "[14] In both these powers thus preserving old buildings, hardly the full extent possible. In addition, the East saw the destruction of pagan buildings is a clear sign of the victory of Christianity. [15]
One of the best known examples of Spoils is now dated to the Late Antiquity. Is this to be the works on behalf of the Roman senate, 312-315 built Arch of Constantine, the chocks were older. However, this was not primarily from artisanal shortcomings The triumphal arch combined both architectural elements that have been incorporated for pragmatic reasons, as well as consciously chosen insignia of imperial power, removed from monuments of former emperor, what an honor and clarification of a power continuum, not only equality but also should be a predominant position of Constantine. [16] It had the Senate "(...) be certain that in the Eyes not only of the Emperor, but also the people, the extensive reuse of relief and parts not represented a reduction of the ceremony, the equity 'build the monument would not be considered down-reducing than its value. "[17] The study of visible antiquity, the perception of old buildings that bore witness to size, is tangible not only in Late Antiquity. Protection and destruction of these went hand in hand. It may already be stated here that the removal of old buildings was conducted in late antiquity entirely for pragmatic reasons, but it is more than conceivable that even an aesthetic component in the selection of the Available chocks had played a role. The next point is now to be discussed Spoliennahme motives of which were in part also for the importance of Late Antiquity.
motives
certainly is it correct to assert that a strong population increase between 11 and 13 Century Europe and recognized by the increased demand for building materials, including by the removal , reproduction or re-use of ancient buildings has been satisfied [18], but was already here an attempt to give the Spoliennahme a deeper meaning than that of merely pragmatic use as building material. The "(...) image of a disdain for the spoils and a new carefree or superior to deal with them shows their use as architectural sculpture." [19] This can too easily to know to be, also should elusive motives Spoliennutzung which sometimes clear, from time to time, but as constructed by posterity, take a close look in order to capture the phenomenon completely.
case of more intensive examination the tangible or interpretation constructed motifs, it is clear almost superfluous, that first the availability of antiquity, the mere existence of old abandoned construction sites, columns, reliefs and statues has the further use allows this (the spoils was about flat, it was rather handsome, had straight edges, so they used it up "[20]) -. this banal observation is, however, be extended by a crucial component in order to understand a basic principle of Spoliennahme on the pragmatic use than simply building out in the middle ages, which further each time consideration to serve as a prerequisite: the medieval man, artist, Builder or just plain farmer found the antique buildings, all reservations, which can the foreign and unknown to arouse the people, as beautiful to the eye, well-pleasing, they rated the apparent antiquity, of course, within certain limits, as their own standards more to be fair. Architectural elements such as columns or decorative works of ancient walls have been incorporated into their own buildings. Of course, should this case be noted that a Spoliennahme could take place even under the almost complete obliteration of their ancient piece, which will reduce the previously identified but not, it was but in most cases simple chocks as rectangular, it consciously as Material used for processing (why you should difficulty an appropriate blocks detach first from the quarry and construction site transport when an already pre-worked stone was encountered in the immediate vicinity?) And are thus more likely under the category of pragmatic use of ancient times as building material can . could apply It should be noted, however, that critical conditions, to understand the 'spoils,' as it is here used to be able to apply, well, the square if its glory and in another, in the Baufunktion Ausgangsbau not necessarily use the needed. [21] Furthermore, the simple cube could according to some sources, to arouse admiration "(...) Because even the naming Lapis quadratus says in the medieval sources, more than just the straight edges, more than the mere availability - simply as a respectable" Box "is one, in the absence of other criteria, yet sufficiently where needed today identify more ancient stone in medieval walls can. "[22] Certainly processed already worked chocks to fit in the new context (such as a church), the basic idea of \u200b\u200breuse of antique pieces is doing from an aesthetic point of view this does not detract.
Another group of spoils, in the context of, defacing ' should be mentioned that the clear as pagan and therefore the Christian faith opposed to standing architectural elements which, if they were in the course of interpretatio christiana not the Christian environment is not as established hostile is destroyed deliberately, were abused in a figurative sense to to symbolize the triumph of Christianity. The 'slavery' of paganism in the foundation or the deliberately wrong way old - and therefore perceived as pagan - inscriptions are mentioned here only for completeness. Trier offers an excellent example of this practice, since before the church of St. Matthias is an ancient Venus statue was hung. This pilgrims pelted with stones, so as to give expression to their contempt for paganism. [23] The spoils symbolized in this context, therefore, not just the survival of antiquity, but to the contrary, its end, her death [24].
One difficulty has be addressed at this point: "If we keep to the contemporary sources, the result is the finding that constant in this is only the aesthetic qualities of the speech - from the superb, the value and the rarity of the materials, also possibly from their trans or trans-alpine marine origin, from Rome and Ravenna, and the effort that has made its procurement. "[25] This is often the case that the specific motives of the Spoliennahme be constructed from a chain of reasoning, just because the available sources do not give exact information. The supposed motivation for the use of spoils is thus "(...) is already the result of an interpretation, the result - as might be expected - the question the direction of the interpretative and the desire to verify a particular hypothesis is conditional." [26 ] This is quite problematic in some cases, but also necessary. A Spoliennahme, which went under great difficulty and with an enormous financial burden of pay had to find a justification, this is likely just for today apply as for the middle age. Not infrequently, only the reference ranges on the beauty, the aesthetic impact of the spoils, but many a Spoliennahme was chosen so aware that not also the author of the medieval chronicles an explicit reference to the semantic content may have been seen as necessary, modern research is therefore confronted with the question of how the reception of spoils in the Middle Ages was what the medieval viewer appeared to be known and thoughtfully and to what extent, in addition to the educated classes, the common man the symbolism of understanding - or fascinated only by the beauty of ancient chocks was. It is likely that the symbolism of those who should understand it, was understood. These questions can hardly be answered, but they should be in considering the motives that would justify the use of spoils, certainly respected.
perception of antiquity in the Middle Ages
The question of the perception of antiquity, the of the past generally can not be answered satisfactorily. Be careful to diagnose the following: "The medieval history of consciousness was a past-oriented contemporary consciousness. The medieval historian looks that is not value-free, but returned with very specific, time-related interests in the past. "[27] Of course, the historical consciousness always has a contemporary relevance, as the writing of history is by no means and value-free at any time, so this statement is general and not specific to the Middle Ages! The Middle Ages is characterized by a still from one dominated by the Christian religion, past events, which thus represents the pagan heritage as disparate to the new reality: "All that stood in connection with paganism, was regarded as demonic and unclean, It might only be sacred or profane things. With anxious fear, therefore, were the remains of pagan settlements, the ruins of castles and houses considered and rejected as the seat of the devil. "[28] The presence of such a view in all walks of life can the Middle Ages are found, it was not the fear of the unknown , then hit the feeling of superiority of the pagan past, especially in educated circles. [29] The demonization of ancient buildings was thus a reflex reaction. However, it should be noted that such a strict view was not always and everywhere been noted, but the Italian landscape rich in ancient, pagan Buildings that were not necessarily regarded by contemporaries as a strange, they were traditionally part of their everyday lives and even more raw material suppliers as prohibited places of evil, even if the increasing influence of Christianity in this context are of course considered as well. A rich in ancient buildings city like Rome could, for example, driving at all times a real export coveted chocks, resulting in even developed a separate industry. [30] If this was still favored already in late antiquity by the relocation of the administrative center to Constantinople. When looking closely at the motives Spoliennutzung is thus often a case of dependence determined, whether a certain rapprochement of religion was made to ancient spoils, or whether this has been pushed into the background to let other motives prevail.
spoils as a trophy
In considering the motives of the Spoliennutzung will try to give the first point, the the original meaning is closest to be considered. Here the subject is clear from the fact: a victory won, mostly resulting from a aggressive military action was set a worthy characters, so that the triumph was not only comprehensible for those directly in the battlefield events involved, but also for the subjects of the victorious and defeated power, as also was the victory is manifested in the hive, this was for the following generations and thus it was aimed to symbolize fame, prestige and authority. At the same time experienced a decrease in the defeated power, which by the loss of important chocks, caused, for example, from its own metropolitan area. Also, the spoils could show as a trophy to overcome a general order and / or a ruler. Outstanding examples provide various Italian cities, viewing after victorious battles served as inflationary on foreign ownership to those chocks triumphantly to present in their city. For Venice is even a tradition, architectural elements to import from other locations to speak, [31] This was part of the spoils were hauled in raids. - This obviously does not mean that all the spoils were captured, purchase, ie, import 'from ancient was this post-ancient city a popular means to thereby symbolizing the idea of \u200b\u200bexistence, duration, and vestutas auctoritas (these aspects are subject below A closer look). From the wealth of examples are only a few are mentioned. is important in connection with the spoils as a trophy the following: ". To be both ornamental and spolia , however, artworks had to preserve the memory of their capture" [32]
If you stay still for a moment at the Venetian examples , it is striking that the Church of San Marino is riddled with spoils, "640 (...) counted capitals can be regarded 300 as spoils, namely 15 as ancient and late ancient, 265 as the Eastern Roman, Late Antique and 20 as Byzantine." 33 [ ] is important to note that medieval imitations of Spolienkapitellen also included in the figures, because it is believed that these medieval works were made to replace decayed or damaged capitals, so they may copy, thus representing pseudo foreman. It is true that, of those 300 each spoils not explicitly obtained as a symbol of conflict has been integrated into the church. Now the message conveyed by any spoils in San Marino is not a trophy primary, it may be assumed that that was just installed Baustück for aesthetic reasons. What is striking is the large number of Byzantine spoils. Those captured were demonstrated by Venetian crusaders 1204 in Constantinople [34]. Thus, the primary motive of the trophy is tangible, which, like so many times to that of aesthetics - in no case would be inelegant process capitals in a church, only with the thought of the presentation of a victory - has been extended. Venice also has to ask much more spoils, as is apparent at first glance, since before the city, in the sea, which sank one or the other ship, laden with trophies.
Venice Has been cited as an example, it is also the long bitter enemy of this city-state, Genoa, are mentioned. In Genoa is a stolen season sarcophagus, and this is a rare case ". iste angelus captus fuit in civitate gulfo Venetiarium in Scurzelo " the viewer in the inscription betrays his origins are shown nine figures, can be identified in the middle of a woman, which is thus referred to in the inscription angel that with security in the wake of a interpretatio christiana has just made such a one. Dropped was the relic of the Croatian mainland offshore seaside town of Korcula, and that reveals how a second inscription in by the Genoese admiral Lamba Doria 1298 This trophy in honor of the victory over the Venetian fleet was built into the facade of the family church of San Matteo in Genoa, thus served the glorious Admiral as a tomb. Genoa is interesting for the fact that the many spoils, especially in the 12th Century were presented frequently in the city, largely to be found in religious buildings were [35].
spoils as symbols of power
already raised the issue of power through communication spoils should be here now running further spoils had been achieved not only by robbery as a trophy: "Finally, with spoils Policy institutions, religious and secular, which is in the Middle Ages can not be separated often. "[36] Nevertheless, to here, serving more clarity, an attempt will be made between secular and religious entities of Spoliennahme differ, even if the motives are this often overlap.
General should be noted at this point that the use of mostly antique chocks had already political capacity, we also considered the client. The ancient Baustück was used as a symbol to express size, fame, or a continuum - as it could a trophy, with the only difference is that a Robbery was not needed. The purchase of an antique piece was much more widespread, often were transported under these pieces of work and not without risk over long distances to their destination. It was the cost considerably, "Transport costs were not only wages and for the transport such as cars and ships, but also of customs obligations, which could be up to 20% of product value." [37]
spoils and temporal power
are unfortunately has to be said that in dealing with spoils, which were used as a sign and symbol as a political statement, the political implications may not be read out directly from existing written sources. Therefore, it is necessary to take a closer look at the social and / or political circumstances that form the framework for a politically motivated Spoliennahme. Therefore, the argument in such cases is well supported as an interpretation and thus to be regarded as negotiable standing.
Charlemagne influenced posterity in many ways, his biography and deeds were contemplative has always been subject Interpretations. Also in connection with the use of spoils as symbols of power of these rulers can deliver an outstanding example, which is manifested in Aachen. Aachen, deliberately chosen as the center of power of Charles that "the staging of political power" [38] was used, should also present his political vision, which was done, including through the use of spoils (and also of pseudo-polishing). It could be assumed that Karl admire during his stays in Italy not only the impressive architecture, but also observe the common practice of Spoliennahme: "It almost seems as the mid-8th Century, the rulers of the various duchies Italy will compete in a political contest, but was played on a cultural level. "[39] It could also result in the conviction that manifest references to tradition in buildings through the use of spoils. For the Palatine Chapel in Aachen were procured including specially marble columns from Rome and Ravenna, and the idea that this was only done because, as the Hofbiograph Charles, Einhard wrote that nowhere else such columns could be brought [40] is difficult because in addition to the circumstances of the transport, the costs were not negligible. Rather, it is conceivable that "(...) any further statements in this regard as nigh tautological (...) "[41] were considered, would the resulting message of the cover to antiquity, to the glory of the Roman imperial rule, Roma secunda have been clear even under circumstances of equality between Aachen and Rome in terms of a new Rome / . be the list of columns with such important provenance must therefore regarded as "a conscious document legitimate successor body and its claims to it." [42] This was facilitated by the political quarrels of Pope Leo III. with the urban Roman nobility, which have even led the Pope to flee Rome in this position helped Charles Pope and thus secured the imperial crown [43]. Also presented for the papacy is no circumcision is its own authority, if Charles Town Roman spoils, as well as pieces from Ravenna - after all, both under the rule of the papacy in - you requested, were but so also church demands met, "(...) served to the . superpowers of Christian Rome to the barbarian multiethnic country beyond the Alps to bear in mind "[44] The amount of Aachen spoils - there are only noted briefly that even the architecture was the Palatine Chapel South Alpine models - thus served as an illustration of the equality with the ancient models, as well as by gaining representation to an awareness of participating in ancient, glorious past, which should now be continued as glorious. [45]
Similar reminiscences also apply to the ruling family of the Ottos, who present in the Magdeburg Cathedral spoils South Alpine home to probably the idea of \u200b\u200ba "Roma nova '[46] represent. However, this should include the religious component of the Magdeburg spoils are observed, which were used in the first church building as a container for holy relics.
Another example dates from the late Middle Ages. The bridge head of Capua, built by order of Frederick II of Swabia, but as an example to be treated with caution: although ancient relation and thus immanent statements about the noble self-concept of the ruler will not be more in doubt is to use pure 'spoils, so real items used in ancient times, controversial in this building: "It is more likely that the bridge gate of Capua no spoils were used. "[47] Thus, it is conceivable that instead copies in the tradition of ancient chocks and sculptures were installed at the bridge button. It will be assumed here that both ancient spoils and copies of these were used, and the copies should just give the impression of antiquity as well as those who might want to wake spoils used - thus Both assumptions lead to the conclusions that explain the reason for the ancient reference. The bridgehead was probably built 1234-1240, but went through over the years various changes and redesigns. The exact design in the early years but is now almost entirely reconstructed according to written sources. The evident antiquity reference clarified the claim to power of Frederick II, who during his term of office was in conflict with the Roman papacy. Dispensing with Christian themes was not only the allusion to the pre-Christian Roman Empire, it is "(...) the majestic, awe-inspiring figure of Frederick the state and its legal system, with which the Iustitia enthroned emperor, he even source and guarantor of justice (...). A building quite profane in function and iconography, sacred only insofar as the secular state where religious dignity. "[48]
spoils and ecclesiastical power
similarities in the preparation of the spoils by church authorities with those motives are obvious secular ruler. However, can at first to view the reference to a surprising continuity of power in the church context, is the Christian worldview in the early Middle Ages, rather, recent 'date was. This is not the case with the symbolic representation of worldly power, but was treated like the pagan element secondary. Therefore, in Spolienverwertung be observed by church authority that tradition, as it could be symbolized by spoils, was viewed in a new context: "This radical inclusion of memories of the past, now in an obligatory topical dimension in the present, was determined by a frame in which the history of salvation, and therefore the contrast pagan-Christian, was dominant. "[49] Legitimacy problems should therefore be obsolete, the reference to tradition and respectability but a cornerstone for the advance of a nine-value system, which claims to totality. May serve as an example of the use of porphyry by the Roman bishops. That precious material was destined for the Roman Emperor, was the aesthetic appearance of porphyry but more than adequate to represent stately dignity. The use of late antique porphyry was both secular and ecclesiastical side for the very reasons mentioned above - tradition and claim to power - instead of "not exposing princely attributes to itself, but the have been queuing in the tradition of Constantine seems the main driver of the Bishops of Rome to be. "In addition [50] found that porphyry material since the conquest of the mining areas in Egypt in the 7th Century by the Arabs in demand and scarce building materials, thus spoils par excellence. [51]
The design of churches with spoils was detectable by written sources, the reasons for this are often not clear, since almost continuously only on the Beauty is made. Unison is drawn to the trouble of Spolienbesorgung which had been necessary, as no such architectural elements were found in close proximity. The important monastery of Cluny was for example, by Abbot Odilo of Cluny architectural changes and among other ancient pillars decorated, which were, as the corresponding source noted, brought from the remotest provinces of the raging rivers of the Durand and Rhône with great difficulty. [52] Now is a deeper reason hidden from view, except the assumption that every effort is worth the praise of God. Clearly this is still in the description of the new building of the monastery Saint Germain d 'Auxerre by Graf Conrad von Argovia. The corresponding source image and describes vividly the procurement of columns for the Church, because the quantity of marble on the ground was not sufficient. [53] The Chronicle of the Benedictine Saint-Hubert in the Ardennes, mentioned the purchase of spoils by Abbot Theodoric - columns of Arles for the cloister -. Without a deeper reason to call this [54] If one considers, however, the CV of the abbot, one can in his trip to Rome a source of inspiration for the Obtaining see spoils. The interspersed with spoils of Italian church architecture was probably an amazing experience for the abbot, who, there was also the purchase of spoils from Italy too costly, in Arles find one. [55]
The use of spoils is in smaller, simple Churches have been practiced. Along the Roman roads such as Roman milestones have been rebuilt and VER. Thus the institution of a wash basin in the cloister of the Cistercian abbey at Terracina Fossanova the 54th . Milestone of the Via Appia [56] The re-use of particular milestones in sacred buildings is striking, reasons must be next to the frequent occurrence that very stones and rewarding form which could be implemented and continued to work with little trouble. Whether the same time symbolizes a reference to the imperial power, what authority or a transfer was in a Christian context, the motivation for the use, is not exactly noticeable - as with many spoils, which were used in religious buildings is the case, since it is difficult is "(...) identify whether behind a dedicated interpretatio christiana was, or whether the spoils only in a general sense as treasures were - the stone jewelry of some medieval book covers similar -. that have been presented for its own sake "[57]
Another possible interpretation, the acquisition of pagan gods and renaming or re-interpretation of this as part of a interpretatio christiana . That interpretation was a guarantee for the survival of antique statues, such as the Tomb of Cardinal Guillaume de Braye shows in Orvieto. The sculptor Arnolfo di Cambio created for the grave of the late Cardinal in 1282 a statue of Mary with child, but he used a pre-made Statue of the heathen, which represented Fortuna or Tyche, and extended this to the Christ Child [58]
Conclusion. Spoils in the Middle Ages
The use of spoils in the Middle Ages is a fact, provable by numerous examples, the motifs are often not clearly evident from existing sources, so you need help at times with an interpretation and design chain. Strictly scientifically this is a risky game, because the line between fantasy and a flowering of demonstrable argument occasionally narrower. Uncontroversial is that spoils serve as proof of any kind of antiquity, as well as continuing to live this as a testament to the contemporary discussion of the legacy of the past. From the simple admiration of the old buildings and parts to sophisticated political statement, the range of explanations. The most notable effort in obtaining spoils shows the importance of antiquity, which had taken place at all levels rather negligent handling of her, at the present time not considered with the same intensity could, since spoils a decisive contribution to the survival of ancient taken place. It is striking that in the middle of the 13th Century Spoliennutzung decreases greatly. The main reason for this may well be banal sort: antiquity was not so abundant, decay and degradation, looting and Spoliennutzung considerably reduced the stock of antiquity. Also, especially for the church architecture is a significant change has occurred: the Romanesque church spoils were often represented, and used deliberately. By the advance of Gothic architecture spoils, however, were as confounding factors precluded the desired representation of the 'heavenly Jerusalem', the thoughtful composition with the aim of the presentation of beauty, harmony. Nevertheless, the Spoliennutzung we owe that antique pieces and are still identifiable today. Had they not used, it is easy to imagine that these same would not have survived the centuries.
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[1] Burckhardt, Jacob: The Cicerone. A Guide to the enjoyment of art in Italy, Stuttgart 1964, p. 77
[2] Fabricius Hansen, Maria: The Eloquence of Appropriation. Prolegomena To An Understanding of spolia in Early Christian Rome, Rome 2003, p. 14
[3] Raff, Thomas: spoils - building materials, or meaning, in: Daedalus 58, 1995, p. 65 f.
[4] Ibid, p. 66.
[5] Herbel, Alfred: The use of ancient spoils in the sacred buildings of Provence, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 1988, p, 2
[6] Esch, Arnold: On the reuse of ancient chocks and sculptures in medieval Italy, in: Journal of Art History, vol 51, 1969, p. 3
[7] Jaeger, M.: 'spoils', in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages , 10 vols (Stuttgart: Metzler, [1977] -1999), 7, cols 2129-2131, in Brepolis Medieval Encyclopaedias - Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages Online
[8] Esch, Arnold: Frederick II and the Antiquity, in: Esch, Arnold; Kamp, Norbert (ed.): Friedrich II Meeting of the German Historical Institute in Rome in the commemorative year 1994, Tübingen 1996, p. 222 .
[9] Herbel, Alfred: The use of ancient spoils in the sacred buildings of Provence, supra, p. 3
[10] Raff, Thomas: spoils, supra, p. 66
[11] Meier, Hans-Rudolf: Old Temple - new cults. To protect obsolete churches in late antiquity and the adaptation of old buildings in the Christian cult, in: Brenk, Beat: Innovation in Late Antiquity. 6th Symposium Basel and 7 May 1994, Wiesbaden 1996th S. 365th
[12] Geyer, Angelika: "Ne ruinis urbs deformetur ..." aesthetic criteria in the late Roman law, in: Boreas 16, 1993, p. 65
[13] Deichmann, Peace-Wilhelm: column and order in the early Christian architecture in: releases of the German Archaeological Institute, Rome Division, vol 55, 1940, p. 115
[14] Deichmann, Peace-Wilhelm: The spoils in the late ancient architecture, Munich 1975, p. 96
[15] See, Deichmann, Peace-Wilhelm: column and order, ibid, p. 116
[16] See Raff, Thomas: spoils; ibid, p. 68
[17] Deichmann, Peace-Wilhelm: The spoils, op cit, p. 8
[18] Esch, Arnold: Reuse of antiquity in the Middle Ages, Berlin, New York 2005, p. 50
[19] Hamann-Mac Lean, Richard HL: Studies in the ancient art of the Middle Ages, in: Marburger Jahrbuch for Art Research 15, 1949 / 50, p. 168
[20] Esch, Arnold: To reuse, supra, p. 42 ..
[21] Ibid, p. 5 f.
[22] Ibid, p. 43 f.
[23] See Clemens, Lukas Tempore Romanorum constructa. to capitalize on and Perception of ancient ruins north of the Alps during the Middle Ages, Stuttgart 2003, p. 244
[24] See Esch, Arnold: Wider use, cited above, p. 34
[25] Poeschke, Joachim: Architecture and Aesthetics in the 13th Spolienintegration Century, trans. (Ed.): Ancient spoils in the architecture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Munich 1996, p. 225
[26] Weigel, Thomas: Robberies and colored marble in the opinion of medieval authors, in: Poeschke, Joachim (ed.): Ancient spoils in the architecture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Munich 1996, p. 118
[27] Goetz, Hans-Werner: The Presence of the Past in the early and high medieval historical consciousness, in: Historical Journal, vol 255, 1992, p. 72
[28] Franz, Adolph: The church benedictions in the Middle Ages, Volume 1, Graz 1960, p. 623rd
[29] See Clemens, Lukas Tempore, supra, p. 269
[30] See Esch, Arnold: To reuse, supra, p. 29
[31] See Kramer, Joachim: The origin of the Spolienkapitelle, in: Deichmann, Friedrich-Wilhelm (ed.): Corpus of the Church of San Marino, Venice, Wiesbaden 1981, p. 7
[32] Kinney, Dale: spolia. Damnatio and Renovatio memoriae, in: Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol 42, 1997, p. 120
[33] Kramer, Joachim: The Origin, ibid, p. 1
[34] See ibid
[35] See: Smith, Rebecca: spoils and trophies in medieval Genoa: sic hostes Ianua frangit, Weimer 2002, p. 21
[36] Westermann Angerhausen Hiltrud: Robberies and environment in Egberts Trier, in: Journal of Art History 50, 1987, p. 306
[37] Binding, Günther: Construction in the Middle Ages Darmstadt 1993, p. 363
[38] Jacobsen, Werner: stately building in the Carolingian period. Carolingian palaces from ancient Germanic tradition and reception, in: Stieg man, Christoph; Wemhoff, Matthias (ed.): 799 - Arts and Culture of the Carolingian period. Charlemagne and Pope Leo III. in Paderborn, Mainz, 1999, p. 93
[39] Mitchel, John Charles the Great, Rome and the legacy of the Lombards, in: Stieg man, Christoph; Wemhoff, Matthias (ed.): 799 - Arts and Culture of the Carolingian period. Charlemagne and Pope Leo III. in Paderborn, Mainz, 1999, p. 101
[40] See Einhardi vita Karoli Magni, MGH SS rer. Germanic, c. 26, p. 31
[41] Weigel, Thomas: Robberies and colored marble in the opinion of medieval authors, in: Poeschke, Joachim (ed.): Ancient spoils in the architecture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Munich 1996, p. 123
[42] Hamann-Mac Lean: studies in the ancient art of the Middle Ages, in: Marburger Jahrbuch for Art Research, vol 15, 1949 / 50, p. 162
[43] See: Herbers, Klaus: The pontificate of Pope Leo III. (785-816), in: Stieg man, Christoph; Wemhoff, Matthias (ed.): 799 - Arts and Culture of the Carolingian period. Charlemagne and Pope Leo III. in Paderborn, Mainz, 1999, p. 13-18.
[44] Gramaccini, Norberto: Mirabilia. The afterlife of ancient statues in front of the Renaissance, Mainz 1996, p. 52
[45] See Effenberger, Arne: The reuse of Roman, Late Antique and Byzantine art in the Carolingian period, in: Stieg man, Christoph; Wemhoff, Matthias (ed.): 799 - Arts and Culture of the Carolingian period. Charlemagne and Pope Leo III. in Paderborn, Mainz, 1999, p. 650th
[46] See: Clemens, Lukas: Tempore, supra, p. 274
[47] Esch, Arnold: Frederick II, supra, p. 210
[48] Ibid., P. 208
[49] Setti, Salvatore: From auctoritas, ibid., p. 158
[50] De Blaauw, Sible: Pope and purple. porphyry in the early church interiors in Rome, in: That man, Ernst (ed.): Tesserae. Festschrift für Josef Engemann. Yearbook of Antiquity and Christianity, Supplement 18, 1991, p. 48
[51] See Esch, Arnold: reuse, op cit, p. 51
[52] See Vita Sancti Odilonis, auctore Jotsaldo Sylviniacensis. D Migne, PL CXLII, col. 908; reprinted in: Braunfels, Wolfgang, Monastery of Western architecture, Cologne 1962, p. 292 f.
[53] V gl Heiric of Auxerre: Miraculasancti Germani II, 6, MGH SS 13, p. 402 f.
[54] See Chronicon sancti Huberti Andaginensis 19 (27), MGH SS 8, p. 579th
[55] See Clemens, Lukas Tempore, supra, p. 299
[56] See Esch, Arnold: A long-lost milestone of the Via Appia. Other criteria of the provenance of spoils in medieval churches in Italy, in: Epigraphica, Vol 25, 1973, p. 96-101.
[57] Gramaccini, Norberto: Mirabilia, a.a.O., S. 65.
[58] Vgl. Esch, Arnold: Wiederverwendung, a.a.O., S. 46.
